BIBLE RESEARCH; An Egyptian New Chronology – Is the Bible True History? – More Evidence – 21st Century Science - SPECIAL ISSUE; Bible Study Research - [05-07-24]

It is contended that the Bible presents a graphic and true-to-life account of the nation of Israel from its birth onward which has been reconciled with the New Egyptian Chronology

AN EGYPTIAN NEW CHRONOLOGY [Bold = a certain date]

David Rohl and his team have created a ‘New Chronology’ that resolves many problems permeating ancient world studies.  In particular, their model has been developed having major implications for Old Testament research.  Using a revision of the academia-accepted ‘Master Chronology’ of ancient Egypt, they have unlocked the key to biblical history.

The epic events of the Bible did happen as recorded in the Books of Genesis, Exodus, Judges, Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles.  The problem is that we had previously been looking for them in completely the wrong place in time.

I have laid out this chronology because David Rohl's book is not in chronological order, it drifts from one episode to another, whereas the Bible is consistent and logical.  https://www.amazon.co.uk/Test-Time-One-Bible-History/dp/0099365618

TIMELINE

• c1750BC Pharaoh Neferhotep I rules Egypt

• 1683BC Joseph (son of Jacob) arrives in Egypt viz Midianite caravaneers (p.332-3) during the reign of Senuseret III

• 1670BC Joseph appointed 12^th Dynasty Vizier at age 30, (Genesis 41:46), in Middle Kingdom Egypt - the reward for interpreting Pharaoh's dreams. (Genesis 40-41) (p.342).   It was King Amenemhat III who raised the Hebrew slave to the highest political office of the land. He performed major administrative and agricultural reforms during the late 12th Dynasty.

• 1662BC Sojourn of the Israelites begins in Egypt. Jacob and his brethren arrived in Egypt in the second year of the famine settling in the region of Goshen – the region of Ramesses I (Genesis 47:11) - (p.354)

• 1645BC Death of Jacob (Genesis 50:22) – Joseph retires eventually to Rowarty where a palace has been found.

• 1632BC 13^th Dynasty begins under Sobekhotep I – The Hebrews sojourn in Egypt at Avaris continues. They leave 215 years later but are recorded in Exodus 12:38 (p330-1) as 420 years.

• 1530BC Mid. 13^th Dynasty

• 1550BC Beginning of New Kingdom via Sothic date 1517 BC – Amenhotep I (Ahmose Yr.9) via Papyrus Ebers Calendar

• 1490BC Late 13^th Dynasty    

• 1447BC Exodus under Moses with pharaoh Dudimose in whose reign God smote the Egyptians. This is the late 13^th Dynasty/Early Hyksos (p.311) and (p 339)

• c1420BC Early Hyksos invaders of Egypt, were Amalekite tribesmen migrating through Sinai from N. Arabia, who met the wandering Israelites in battle.  They settle in Avaris (E. Delta) driving the Egyptians to Upper Egypt.

• 1419BC Year 1 of Ammisaduga – 1st Dynasty of Babylon

• c1410BC Jericho – David Rohl says that there was a city during the Middle Bronze Age when the Israelites invaded Canaan (page 305) which was destroyed by the invading Israelites under Joshua 6:24; it was originally the city: Tell es-Sultan. It remained a desolate ruin for several centuries.  This was the Early Hyksos period in Egypt (Numbers 13:1-3 & 22) (p.311).  The Hyksos ruler was the biblical king Sheshi of Hebron and was forced to flee his homeland to Sharuhen during the invasion of the Israelites.

• 1279BC Ramesses II rule starts based on the lunar date of Yr. 52 = 1228BC.  His nickname Sysa is equivalent to Hebrew Shisha(k) – the only Pharaoh known to have defeated Jerusalem (=Shalem)

• 1194BC 18^th Dynasty begins

• c1090BC David became an Apiru (Habiru) chief (of the Hebrews) whilst exiled from the Israelite court during the reign of Saul, known in the Amarna age.  This band of men was soldiers of fortune, hired out as mercenaries or subsisted on plunder. (I & II Samuel).  This was during David's first seven years as king of Hebron before the capture of Jerusalem. This is the beginning of the United Monarchy period in Israelite history.

• According to the Amarna letters EA 298,284 & 306, David captured Tian-na (Heb: Tsiyon) i.e. Jerusalem (the fortress of Zion) in his eighth regnal year.  Furthermore, EA256 contains the names of five players in the Book of Samuel:

  o   Ishbaal – son of Saul – who writes the letters

  o   Joab – David's military commander

  o   Baanah – one of the Israel's chieftains

  o   David – ruler of Hebron and son-in-law of Saul

  o   Jesse – father of David

• King David, the dynastic founder of Israelite Jerusalem, was a contemporary of Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, Ay, and Haremheb (early reign) in Egypt and the Hittite emperor Suppiluliumas I.  This was when Egypt was weak and their northern ally, Mitanni was disintegrating under the Hittites (west) and Assyrians (N. East).

• c1170BC Two centuries after the death of Joshua, the last year of the reign of Ahmose – founder of the New Kingdom in Egypt in the Late Bronze Age in coastal cities but Middle Bronze Age in the central hill country.  The Israelites raise the Temple of Baal-Berith at the site of the Israel Covenant. (Judges 9:46-49).

• 1012BC Death of Amenhotep III – Akhenaten's 11^th Year (co-regent).  This is the Late Bronze Age and is the next time we hear of Jericho (II Samuel 10:5)

• 925BC Shoshenk I (22^nd Dynasty) (Yr.20) is not Shishak (King of Egypt) – he supposedly despoiled the Temple of Solomon (Yr.5 of Rehoboam). 1 Kings 14:25-26 & 2 Chronicles 12:2-9.  But it was Ramesses II - 'the Great' who did this – the Ozymandias of Shelly's poem. The cultural wealth of Solomon's era is not reflected in the conventional chronology of Iron Age IIA Palestine. 

• Solomon ruled in the last century of the Late Bronze Age; i.e. 10^th century BC, the zenith of Israel's history; [1 Kings 9:15].  The only Egyptian architectural remains ever found in Jerusalem was the Palace of Pharaoh's daughter built by Solomon after the Temple of Yahweh in the 11^th year, [1 Kings 6:37-38]. This is contemporary with pharaoh Haremheb and Seti I. He gave his daughter in marriage to Solomon with a dowry of the city of Gezer.

• 850BC Later Bronze Age – the rebuilding of Jericho by Hiel during the reign of Ahab.

• c841BC to 798BC – (Iron Age I) Israel was invaded by marauding Aramaeans sacking Galilee, Jezreel, and Gilead (Transjordan).  Israel is sent a savior (II Kings 13:5) in the guise of Shoshenk I, directed mainly east of the River Jordan (p.307), and the Jezreel valley putting an end to the Aramaean incursions into the Egyptian sphere of influence.

• 664 BC Sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal (Assyrians). The last ruling year of Pharaoh Taharka (Yr. 26) and the start of the Late Period.  Yr. 1 of Psamtek I.

NEW DISCOVERIES – Is the Bible a true history?  A New Archaeological Discovery

David Rohl’s ‘New Chronology’ is supported by more recent archaeological discoveries. Imagine stumbling upon a piece of history that has been hidden for over 2,700 years, a discovery that rewrites what scholars think about the Bible. That is what happened to Professor Gershon Galil when he discovered an inscription from the time of King Hezekiah in Jerusalem [2 Kings 18 & 20].

MORE EVIDENCE - Assyriologists claim to have solved an archaeological mystery in 700 BC.

Ancient symbols on a 2,700-year-old temple, which have baffled experts for more than a century, have been explained by Trinity Assyriologist Dr. Martin Worthington.  The sequence of "mystery symbols" was on view in temples at various locations in the ancient city of Dūr-Šarrukīn, present-day Khorsabad, Iraq, which was ruled by Sargon II, king of Assyria (721–704 BC).

The sequence of five symbols—a lion, eagle, bull, fig tree, and plow was first made known to the modern world through drawings published by French excavators in the late nineteenth century. Since then, there has been a spate of ideas about what these symbols might mean. They have been compared to Egyptian hieroglyphs, understood as reflections of imperial might, and suspected to represent the king's name, but how?  Read on HERE.

AND NEW DATES provide detailed insights into the timing of events in the ancient city of Gezer, according to a study published on November 15, 2023, in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Lyndelle Webster of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and colleagues.

Gezer is an ancient southern Levantine city, well known from Egyptian, Assyrian, and Biblical texts and associated with stories of power struggles and significant historical figures. It is also a rich archaeological site with abundant Bronze Age and Iron Age remains and with great potential for research into the daily lives of its denizens.

Recent excavations at the site have uncovered a continuous stratigraphic sequence that allows for detailed dating and the establishment of an absolute chronology of events at the site.  This study allowed Webster and colleagues to obtain 35 radiocarbon dates on organic materials (mostly seeds) from seven distinct stratigraphic layers at Gezer. These dates range from the 13th to the 9th centuries, a period that covers numerous significant changes in the city, including multiple destructive events, rebuilding episodes, and the fortification of the city. Read on HERE.

Some of these events have been proposed to be linked to certain stories from ancient texts.  The study provides a detailed dataset that can be used to test proposed correlations between the archaeological record and ancient texts. These dates suggest, for example, that the correlation of a certain destructive episode with the actions of the pharaoh Merneptah is plausible, while the proposed link between another such episode and the campaign of Hazael is not.

Ultimately, this new dataset provides an independent source of absolute dates that will allow researchers to better understand the events at Gezer and place them in a regional perspective.

Here are the top ten discoveries in biblical archaeology.  Simply put, there have been too many discoveries over the past 150 years of archaeological investigation that confirm the historical reliability of Scripture to settle on just the top ten of all time.  So, here are two blog posts: a list of top ten discoveries relating to the Old Testament and a list of top ten discoveries relating to the New Testament.  The criteria for choosing the top ten discoveries are as follows:

• It must be directly related to biblical people (or people groups), places, events; or

• It must be related to the composition of the Bible itself

These are discoveries and inscriptions that are largely accepted by the academic world and avoid highly debatable ones (such as the James Ossuary and the Shroud of Turin). Here are the top ten discoveries in biblical archaeology relating to the New Testament.

EVERYONE has a perspective on historical conundrums

I remain certain that what I think I know of the past is far from the truth. Here’s one of many examples from an astute fellow writer.  Introducing A.T.Fomenko's  "New Chronology" - Debunking the Official History Narrative & Why Should You Care?

Others have offered new ways of looking at history. “This is the second of three articles drawing attention to major structural problems in the history of Europe in the first millennium AD.

In the first article, “How Fake is Roman Antiquity?”, it is argued that the forgery of ancient books during the Renaissance was more widespread than commonly acknowledged so what is known about the Roman Empire, including events and individuals of central importance, rests on questionable sources.

It is not claimed that all written sources on the Roman Empire are fake. But a question arises anyway: “Did Ancient Greece Exist? Re-dating Greece from Homer to the Renaissance”

WHAT DOES 21^st CENTURY SCIENCE SAY?

Why is There NO Record of Ancient Humans?  Randall Carlson is a master builder, designer, geologist, anthropologist, and historian. He specialises in sacred geometry, ancient civilisations, climate and environmental change, myths, legends, cosmic cycles, and catastrophes. He is a proponent of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis and has considered the extinction of historically advanced human civilisations.

FINALLY – Yet Another Mystery

Nestled in 650 metres (2,000 feet) on the seabed in Cuba lies one of archaeology’s great mysteries.  In 2000, researchers from the Canadian company Advanced Digital Communications (ADC) were surveying the waters off the tip of the Guanahacabibes Peninsula, when their sonar equipment picked up a strange series of structures on the ocean floor.  The images generated by the scanning equipment showed smooth, symmetrically organised stones reminiscent of urban development.  https://www.indy100.com/science-tech/lost-city-of-cuba

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